not-python-rust/src/compiler.rs

use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::fmt::{self, Display};
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::LazyLock;

use assert_matches::assert_matches;
use common_macros::hash_map;
use thiserror::Error;

use crate::ast::*;
use crate::obj::prelude::*;
use crate::obj::BUILTINS;
use crate::token::TokenKind;
use crate::vm::*;

pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Box<dyn std::error::Error>>;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// LineNumber visitor
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#[derive(Default)]
struct LineNumber {
    lock_start: bool,
    start: usize,
    end: usize,
}

impl LineNumber {
    fn update_start(&mut self, start: usize) {
        if !self.lock_start {
            self.start = start;
            self.lock_start = true;
        }
    }

    fn update_end(&mut self, end: usize) {
        self.end = end;
    }
}

impl StmtVisitor for LineNumber {
    fn visit_expr_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ExprStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_assign_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &AssignStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(stmt.lhs.line);
        stmt.rhs.accept(self).unwrap();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_set_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &SetStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        stmt.rhs.accept(self).unwrap();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_block_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &BlockStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(stmt.lbrace.line);
        self.update_end(stmt.rbrace.line);
        Ok(())
    }
    fn visit_return_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ReturnStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(stmt.return_kw.line);
        self.update_end(stmt.return_kw.line);
        if let Some(expr) = stmt.expr.as_ref() {
            expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        }
        Ok(())
    }
    fn visit_if_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &IfStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(stmt.if_kw.line);
        stmt.condition.accept(self).unwrap();
        stmt.then_branch.accept(self).unwrap();
        for stmt in &stmt.else_branch {
            stmt.accept(self).unwrap();
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl ExprVisitor for LineNumber {
    fn visit_binary_expr(&mut self, expr: &BinaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.lhs.accept(self).unwrap();
        expr.rhs.accept(self).unwrap();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_unary_expr(&mut self, expr: &UnaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(expr.op.line);
        expr.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_call_expr(&mut self, expr: &CallExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        self.update_end(expr.rparen.line);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_get_expr(&mut self, expr: &GetExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        self.update_end(expr.name.line);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_index_expr(&mut self, expr: &IndexExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self).unwrap();
        self.update_end(expr.rbracket.line);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_primary_expr(&mut self, expr: &PrimaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(expr.token.line);
        self.update_end(expr.token.line);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_function_expr(&mut self, expr: &FunctionExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(expr.lparen.line);
        self.update_end(expr.rbrace.line);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_list_expr(&mut self, expr: &ListExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.update_start(expr.lbracket.line);
        self.update_end(expr.rbracket.line);
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn expr_line_number(expr: &dyn Expr) -> LineRange {
    let mut line_number = LineNumber::default();
    expr.accept(&mut line_number).unwrap();
    (line_number.start, line_number.end)
}

fn stmt_line_number(stmt: &dyn Stmt) -> LineRange {
    let mut line_number = LineNumber::default();
    stmt.accept(&mut line_number).unwrap();
    (line_number.start, line_number.end)
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// LocalAssignCollector and LocalNameCollector
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// TODO - reduce copy/paste stuff here?

#[derive(Default)]
struct LocalAssignCollector {
    names: HashSet<String>,
}

impl LocalAssignCollector {
    fn collect(body: &Vec<StmtP>) -> HashSet<String> {
        let mut collector = Self::default();
        for stmt in body {
            stmt.accept(&mut collector).unwrap();
        }
        collector.names
    }
}

impl StmtVisitor for LocalAssignCollector {
    fn visit_expr_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ExprStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_assign_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &AssignStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.names.insert(stmt.lhs.text.to_string());
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_set_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &SetStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self)?;
        stmt.rhs.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_block_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &BlockStmt) -> Result<()> {
        // we visit the block statement because even though it goes below the current "local"
        // scope, we're ultimately trying to get a list of ALL local names that are assigned to in
        // this scope.
        // TODO FIXME BUG this does create some weirdness, for example take this:
        // outer_function = () {
        //     some_value = 1234
        //     inner_function = () {
        //         {
        //             # this is a local value because we're assigning to it
        //             some_value = 5678
        //         }
        //         # our local named "some_value" has gone out of scope, so hypothetically we
        //         # should be using the "some_value" that was defined in the scope above us.
        //         # however, since we're collecting local assignments in all blocks, this should
        //         # error out as "unknown local 'some_value'"
        //         println(some_value)
        //     }
        //     return inner_function
        // }
        //
        // Ideally, we would be checking nonlocals with every new scope layer, and every new block.
        // This is a pretty tough bug to solve with how things are set up right now. not sure how
        // we'll go about solving this one.
        for stmt in &stmt.stmts {
            stmt.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_return_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ReturnStmt) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(expr) = stmt.expr.as_ref() {
            expr.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_if_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &IfStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.condition.accept(self)?;
        stmt.then_branch.accept(self)?;
        for stmt in &stmt.else_branch {
            stmt.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl ExprVisitor for LocalAssignCollector {
    fn visit_binary_expr(&mut self, expr: &BinaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.lhs.accept(self)?;
        expr.rhs.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_unary_expr(&mut self, expr: &UnaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_call_expr(&mut self, expr: &CallExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_get_expr(&mut self, expr: &GetExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_index_expr(&mut self, _expr: &IndexExpr) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_primary_expr(&mut self, _expr: &PrimaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_function_expr(&mut self, _expr: &FunctionExpr) -> Result<()> {
        // don't visit function expr, we're only collecting local assigns
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_list_expr(&mut self, _expr: &ListExpr) -> Result<()> {
        // there shouldn't be any local assignments inside of a list expression
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct LocalNameCollector {
    names: HashSet<String>,
}

impl LocalNameCollector {
    fn collect(body: &Vec<StmtP>) -> HashSet<String> {
        let mut collector = Self::default();
        for stmt in body {
            stmt.accept(&mut collector).unwrap();
        }
        collector.names
    }
}

impl StmtVisitor for LocalNameCollector {
    fn visit_expr_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ExprStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_assign_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &AssignStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.rhs.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_set_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &SetStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.expr.accept(self)?;
        stmt.rhs.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_block_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &BlockStmt) -> Result<()> {
        for stmt in &stmt.stmts {
            stmt.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_return_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ReturnStmt) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(expr) = stmt.expr.as_ref() {
            expr.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_if_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &IfStmt) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.condition.accept(self)?;
        stmt.then_branch.accept(self)?;
        for stmt in &stmt.else_branch {
            stmt.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl ExprVisitor for LocalNameCollector {
    fn visit_binary_expr(&mut self, expr: &BinaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.lhs.accept(self)?;
        expr.rhs.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_unary_expr(&mut self, expr: &UnaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_call_expr(&mut self, expr: &CallExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_get_expr(&mut self, expr: &GetExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_index_expr(&mut self, expr: &IndexExpr) -> Result<()> {
        expr.expr.accept(self)?;
        expr.index.accept(self)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_primary_expr(&mut self, expr: &PrimaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        if expr.token.kind == TokenKind::Name {
            self.names.insert(expr.token.text.to_string());
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_function_expr(&mut self, _expr: &FunctionExpr) -> Result<()> {
        // don't visit function expr, we're only collecting local assigns
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_list_expr(&mut self, expr: &ListExpr) -> Result<()> {
        for expr in &expr.exprs {
            expr.accept(self)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Misc
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

fn unescape(s: &str) -> String {
    s.chars()
        .skip(1)
        .take(s.len() - 2) // first and last chars are guaranteed to be 1 byte long
        .collect::<String>()
        .replace("\\n", "\n")
        .replace("\\r", "\r")
        .replace("\\t", "\t")
        .replace("\\\"", "\"")
        .replace("\\\'", "\'")
        .replace("\\\\", "\\")
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Scope
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
enum ScopeKind {
    Local,
    Function,
    //Class,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Scope {
    kind: ScopeKind,
    scope: Vec<Local>,
}

impl Scope {
    pub fn new(kind: ScopeKind) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind,
            scope: Default::default(),
        }
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// CompileError
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub struct CompileError {
    pub line: Option<LineRange>,
    pub message: String,
}

impl Display for CompileError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        if let Some(line) = &self.line {
            write!(fmt, "line {:?}: {}", line, self.message)
        } else {
            write!(fmt, "{}", self.message)
        }
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Compiler
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Compiler {
    chunks: Vec<Chunk>,
    scopes: Vec<Scope>,
    constants: Vec<ObjP>,
    globals: Vec<String>,
}

impl Compiler {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Compiler {
            chunks: Default::default(),
            scopes: Default::default(),
            constants: Default::default(),
            globals: BUILTINS
                .with_borrow(|builtins| builtins.keys().map(ToString::to_string).collect()),
        }
    }

    fn chunk(&self) -> &Chunk {
        self.chunks.last().expect("no chunk")
    }

    fn chunk_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Chunk {
        self.chunks.last_mut().expect("no chunk")
    }

    fn scope(&self) -> &Scope {
        self.scopes.last().expect("no scope")
    }

    fn scope_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Scope {
        self.scopes.last_mut().expect("no scope")
    }

    fn is_global_scope(&self) -> bool {
        self.scopes.is_empty()
    }

    /// Compiles a body of code.
    ///
    /// This returns a tuple of `Chunk`, the constants table, and the list of globals.
    pub fn compile(mut self, body: &Vec<StmtP>) -> Result<(Chunk, Vec<ObjP>, Vec<String>)> {
        self.chunks.push(Chunk::default());

        for stmt in body {
            self.compile_stmt(stmt)?;
        }

        // add halt instruction with last line, if any
        let mut last_line = (0, 0);
        if let Some(last) = body.last() {
            last_line = stmt_line_number(last.as_ref());
        }
        self.emit(last_line, Op::Halt);

        let chunk = self.chunks.pop().expect("no chunk");

        Ok((chunk, self.constants, self.globals))
    }

    fn compile_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &StmtP) -> Result<()> {
        stmt.accept(self)
    }

    fn compile_expr(&mut self, expr: &ExprP) -> Result<()> {
        expr.accept(self)
    }

    fn insert_constant(&mut self, constant: ObjP) -> Result<ConstantId> {
        // simple interning - try to find a constant that is exactly equal to this one and just
        // return its value instead
        for (index, interned) in self.constants.iter().enumerate() {
            // check if the two objects are the same type. If they are not, this can cause an
            // interesting bug where two objects that are different types are considered equal. The
            // best example is a Float(1.0) and Int(1) are considered equal.
            if constant
                .borrow()
                .ty()
                .borrow()
                .equals(&*interned.borrow().ty().borrow())
                && constant.borrow().equals(&*interned.borrow())
            {
                return Ok(index as ConstantId);
            }
        }

        let index = self.constants.len();
        if index > (ConstantId::MAX as usize) {
            return Err(CompileError {
                line: None,
                message: format!("too many constants (maximum {})", ConstantId::MAX),
            }
            .into());
        }

        // convert this to a pointer, upcast, and then re-GC
        self.constants.push(constant);
        Ok(index as ConstantId)
    }

    fn get_global(&self, name: &str) -> Option<GlobalId> {
        self.globals
            .iter()
            .position(|global| global == &name)
            .map(|id| id as GlobalId)
    }

    fn insert_global(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<GlobalId> {
        if let Some(id) = self.get_global(name) {
            return Ok(id);
        }

        let index = self.globals.len();
        if index > (GlobalId::MAX as usize) {
            return Err(CompileError {
                line: None,
                message: format!("too many globals (maximum {})", GlobalId::MAX),
            }
            .into());
        }

        self.globals.push(name.to_string());
        Ok(index as GlobalId)
    }

    /// Get a nonlocal binding to a variable.
    ///
    /// This will return how many stack frames up we should look for this nonlocal, the `Local`
    /// that defines this binding.
    fn get_nonlocal(&self, name: &str) -> Option<(FrameDepth, &Local)> {
        let mut is_local = true;
        let mut depth = 0;
        for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
            if scope.kind == ScopeKind::Function {
                // no longer inside the local scope
                if is_local {
                    is_local = false;
                    continue;
                }
                // increase stack frame search
                depth += 1;
            }
            // skip local variables
            if is_local {
                continue;
            }
            // outside of the local scope, check if we hvae defined the sought-after name
            for local in &scope.scope {
                if local.name == name {
                    return Some((depth, local));
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    fn get_local(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Local> {
        for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
            for local in &scope.scope {
                if local.name == name {
                    return Some(local);
                }
            }
            if scope.kind == ScopeKind::Function {
                break;
            }
        }
        None
    }

    fn insert_local(&mut self, name: String) -> Result<&Local> {
        let index = self.chunk().locals.len();
        if index > (LocalIndex::MAX as usize) {
            return Err(CompileError {
                line: None,
                message: format!("too many locals (maximum: {})", LocalIndex::MAX),
            }
            .into());
        }
        let mut local = Local {
            slot: 0,
            index: index as LocalIndex,
            name,
        };

        // get the last allocated slot
        for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
            if scope.scope.len() == 0 {
                if scope.kind == ScopeKind::Function {
                    // don't go above the current function's scope (which was just determined to be
                    // empty)
                    break;
                }
                continue;
            }
            // get the last allocated slot and increment by one
            let last = &scope.scope.last().unwrap();
            if last.slot == LocalSlot::MAX {
                return Err(CompileError {
                    line: None,
                    message: format!(
                        "too many stack slots used by locals(maximum: {})",
                        LocalSlot::MAX
                    ),
                }
                .into());
            }
            local.slot = last.slot + 1;
            break;
        }

        self.scope_mut().scope.push(local.clone());
        self.chunk_mut().locals.push(local);
        Ok(self.scope().scope.last().unwrap())
    }

    fn begin_scope(&mut self, kind: ScopeKind) {
        self.scopes.push(Scope::new(kind));
    }

    fn end_scope(&mut self, line: LineRange) {
        let scope = self.scopes.pop().expect("no scope");
        for _local in scope.scope {
            self.emit(line, Op::Pop);
        }
    }

    fn emit(&mut self, line: LineRange, op: Op) {
        let chunk = self.chunk_mut();
        chunk.code.push(op);
        chunk.lines.push(line);
    }
}

impl StmtVisitor for Compiler {
    fn visit_expr_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ExprStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.compile_expr(&stmt.expr)?;
        self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::Pop);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_assign_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &AssignStmt) -> Result<()> {
        let name = &stmt.lhs.text;
        if self.is_global_scope() {
            let global = self.insert_global(name)?;
            self.compile_expr(&stmt.rhs)?;
            self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::SetGlobal(global));
        } else {
            let mut declare = false;
            let local = if let Some(local) = self.get_local(name) {
                local
            } else {
                declare = true;
                self.insert_local(name.to_string())?
            }
            .clone(); // gotta clone so we can borrow self as mutable for compile_expr
            self.compile_expr(&stmt.rhs)?;
            if !declare {
                self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::SetLocal(local.index));
            }
        }

        // If the last value that was assigned to is a function, set its name here
        // TODO - maybe this would be smarter to set up in the AST. I'm 99% sure that the last
        // object created, if it were a function object, will be what we're assigning it to, but I
        // want to be 100% sure instead of 99%.
        if let Some(obj) = self.constants.last() {
            if let Some(fun) = obj.borrow_mut().as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<UserFunction>() {
                fun.set_name(Rc::new(name.to_string()));
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_set_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &SetStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.compile_expr(&stmt.expr)?;
        let name = self.insert_constant(Str::create(&stmt.name.text))?;
        self.compile_expr(&stmt.rhs)?;
        self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::SetAttr(name));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_block_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &BlockStmt) -> Result<()> {
        self.begin_scope(ScopeKind::Local);
        for s in &stmt.stmts {
            self.compile_stmt(s)?;
        }
        self.end_scope((stmt.rbrace.line, stmt.rbrace.line));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_return_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &ReturnStmt) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(expr) = &stmt.expr {
            self.compile_expr(expr)?;
        } else {
            let nil = self.insert_constant(Nil::create())?;
            self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::PushConstant(nil));
        }
        self.emit(stmt_line_number(stmt), Op::Return);
        Ok(())
    }
    fn visit_if_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &IfStmt) -> Result<()> {
        // condition
        self.compile_expr(&stmt.condition)?;
        // call obj.to_bool()
        let bool_attr = self.insert_constant(Str::create("to_bool"))?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(&*stmt.condition), Op::GetAttr(bool_attr));
        self.emit(expr_line_number(&*stmt.condition), Op::Call(0));
        let condition_patch_index = self.chunk().code.len();
        self.emit(expr_line_number(&*stmt.condition), Op::JumpFalse(0));

        // then branch
        // pop the condition on top of the stack (no jump taken)
        self.emit(expr_line_number(&*stmt.condition), Op::Pop);
        // not using  compile_stmt because then_branch isn't a pointer, it's an honest-to-goodness
        // value
        stmt.then_branch.accept(self)?;
        let exit_patch_index = self.chunk().code.len();
        self.emit(stmt_line_number(&stmt.then_branch), Op::Jump(0));

        // else branch
        // patch the condition index - this is where the JUMP_FALSE will jump to
        assert_matches!(self.chunk().code[condition_patch_index], Op::JumpFalse(_));
        let offset = self.chunk().code.len() - condition_patch_index;
        assert!(
            offset <= (JumpOpArg::MAX as usize),
            "jump offset too large between lines {:?} - this is a compiler limitation, sorry",
            stmt_line_number(&stmt.then_branch)
        );
        self.chunk_mut().code[condition_patch_index] = Op::JumpFalse(offset as JumpOpArg);

        // pop the condition on top of the stack (jump taken)
        self.emit(expr_line_number(&*stmt.condition), Op::Pop);
        for s in &stmt.else_branch {
            self.compile_stmt(s)?;
        }

        // patch the "then" branch exit jump address - this is where Op::Jump will jump to.
        // TODO : see if we can eliminate duplicates by checking the last two instructions
        assert_matches!(self.chunk().code[exit_patch_index], Op::Jump(_));
        let offset = self.chunk().code.len() - condition_patch_index;
        assert!(
            offset <= (JumpOpArg::MAX as usize),
            "jump offset too large between lines {:?} - this is a compiler limitation, sorry",
            stmt_line_number(&stmt.then_branch)
        );
        self.chunk_mut().code[exit_patch_index] = Op::Jump(offset as JumpOpArg);

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl ExprVisitor for Compiler {
    fn visit_binary_expr(&mut self, expr: &BinaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        static OP_NAMES: LazyLock<HashMap<TokenKind, &'static str>> = LazyLock::new(|| {
            hash_map! {
                TokenKind::Plus => "__add__",
                TokenKind::Minus => "__sub__",
                TokenKind::Star => "__mul__",
                TokenKind::Slash => "__div__",
                TokenKind::And => "__and__",
                TokenKind::Or => "__or__",
                TokenKind::BangEq => "__ne__",
                TokenKind::EqEq => "__eq__",
                TokenKind::Greater => "__gt__",
                TokenKind::GreaterEq => "__ge__",
                TokenKind::Less => "__lt__",
                TokenKind::LessEq => "__le__",
            }
        });

        self.compile_expr(&expr.lhs)?;

        // short-circuit setup
        let mut exit_patch_index = 0;

        if let TokenKind::And | TokenKind::Or = expr.op.kind {
            let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create("to_bool"))?;
            self.emit(expr_line_number(&*expr.lhs), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));
            self.emit(expr_line_number(&*expr.lhs), Op::Call(0));
            exit_patch_index = self.chunk().code.len();
            if expr.op.kind == TokenKind::And {
                self.emit((expr.op.line, expr.op.line), Op::JumpFalse(0));
            } else {
                self.emit((expr.op.line, expr.op.line), Op::JumpTrue(0));
            }
        }

        let name = OP_NAMES
            .get(&expr.op.kind)
            .expect("invalid binary operator");
        let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create(name))?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));

        self.compile_expr(&expr.rhs)?;

        // convert RHS to a bool if we're doing AND or OR
        if let TokenKind::And | TokenKind::Or = expr.op.kind {
            let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create("to_bool"))?;
            self.emit(expr_line_number(&*expr.rhs), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));
            self.emit(expr_line_number(&*expr.rhs), Op::Call(0));
        }

        // call operator function
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::Call(1));

        // patch exit if we're doing a short circuit
        if exit_patch_index != 0 {
            assert_matches!(
                self.chunk().code[exit_patch_index],
                Op::JumpTrue(_) | Op::JumpFalse(_)
            );
            let offset = self.chunk().code.len() - exit_patch_index;
            // don't worry about doing a check on if offset is small enough for JumpOpArg, if you
            // have 4 billion instructions between jumps that is probably your own fault
            let new_op = match self.chunk().code[exit_patch_index] {
                Op::JumpTrue(_) => Op::JumpTrue(offset as JumpOpArg),
                Op::JumpFalse(_) => Op::JumpFalse(offset as JumpOpArg),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            self.chunk_mut().code[exit_patch_index] = new_op;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_unary_expr(&mut self, expr: &UnaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        static OP_NAMES: LazyLock<HashMap<TokenKind, &'static str>> = LazyLock::new(|| {
            hash_map! {
                TokenKind::Plus => "__pos__",
                TokenKind::Minus => "__neg__",
                TokenKind::Bang => "__not__",
            }
        });
        self.compile_expr(&expr.expr)?;
        let name = OP_NAMES.get(&expr.op.kind).expect("invalid unary operator");
        let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create(name))?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::Call(0));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_call_expr(&mut self, expr: &CallExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.compile_expr(&expr.expr)?;
        for arg in &expr.args {
            self.compile_expr(arg)?;
        }
        if expr.args.len() > (Argc::MAX as usize) {
            return Err(CompileError {
                line: Some(expr_line_number(expr)),
                message: format!("too many function arguments (maximum: {})", Argc::MAX),
            }
            .into());
        }
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::Call(expr.args.len() as Argc));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_get_expr(&mut self, expr: &GetExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.compile_expr(&expr.expr)?;
        let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create(&expr.name.text))?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_index_expr(&mut self, expr: &IndexExpr) -> Result<()> {
        self.compile_expr(&expr.expr)?;
        let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create("__index__"))?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetAttr(constant_id));
        self.compile_expr(&expr.index)?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::Call(1));
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_primary_expr(&mut self, expr: &PrimaryExpr) -> Result<()> {
        match expr.token.kind {
            TokenKind::Name => {
                let name = &expr.token.text;
                // check if there's a local with this name, otherwise check globals
                if let Some(local) = self.get_local(name) {
                    self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetLocal(local.index));
                } else {
                    let global = self.get_global(name).ok_or_else(|| CompileError {
                        line: Some(expr_line_number(expr)),
                        message: if self.is_global_scope() {
                            format!("unknown global {}", name)
                        } else {
                            format!("unknown local {}", name)
                        },
                    })?;
                    self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::GetGlobal(global));
                }
            }
            TokenKind::Number => {
                let obj = if expr.token.text.contains('.') {
                    Float::create(expr.token.text.parse().unwrap())
                } else if expr.token.text.starts_with("0x") || expr.token.text.starts_with("0X") {
                    Int::create(i64::from_str_radix(&expr.token.text[2..], 16).unwrap())
                } else if expr.token.text.starts_with("0b") || expr.token.text.starts_with("0B") {
                    Int::create(i64::from_str_radix(&expr.token.text[2..], 2).unwrap())
                } else {
                    Int::create(expr.token.text.parse().unwrap())
                };
                let constant_id = self.insert_constant(obj)?;
                self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::PushConstant(constant_id));
            }
            TokenKind::String => {
                let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Str::create(unescape(&expr.token.text)))?;
                self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::PushConstant(constant_id));
            }
            TokenKind::True | TokenKind::False => {
                let constant_id =
                    self.insert_constant(Bool::create(expr.token.kind == TokenKind::True))?;
                self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::PushConstant(constant_id));
            }
            TokenKind::Nil => {
                let constant_id = self.insert_constant(Nil::create())?;
                self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::PushConstant(constant_id));
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_function_expr(&mut self, expr: &FunctionExpr) -> Result<()> {
        let end_line = (expr.rbrace.line, expr.rbrace.line);
        self.begin_scope(ScopeKind::Function);

        self.chunks.push(Chunk::default());
        let mut locals: HashSet<String> = Default::default();
        for (param, _ty) in &expr.params {
            // register all params as locals
            locals.insert(param.text.to_string());
            // also insert them as locals in the scope
            self.insert_local(param.text.to_string())?;
        }

        // closures: figure out all other locals that are assigned to in the function
        for local in LocalAssignCollector::collect(&expr.body) {
            locals.insert(local);
        }

        // figure out all nonlocals being used, and then re-register them as locals
        // when a user function is called, all values of the nonlocal are pushed to the top of the
        // stack on top of the function parameters.
        let all_names = LocalNameCollector::collect(&expr.body);
        // these are the nonlocals that we're copying/re-registering as locals
        let mut captures: HashMap<String, Local> = Default::default();
        let mut nonlocals: HashMap<String, (FrameDepth, Local)> = Default::default();
        for name in &all_names {
            // already registered as a local
            if locals.contains(name) {
                continue;
            }
            // already captured
            if captures.contains_key(name) {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some((depth, nonlocal)) = self.get_nonlocal(name) {
                let nonlocal = nonlocal.clone();
                nonlocals.insert(name.to_string(), (depth, nonlocal));
                captures.insert(
                    name.to_string(),
                    self.insert_local(name.to_string())?.clone(),
                );
            }
        }

        // compile body
        for stmt in &expr.body {
            self.compile_stmt(stmt)?;
        }

        // always end with a "return nil"
        let nil = self.insert_constant(Nil::create())?;
        self.emit(end_line, Op::PushConstant(nil));
        self.emit(end_line, Op::Return);

        self.end_scope(end_line);

        // create the function
        let chunk = self.chunks.pop().unwrap();
        let fun = UserFunction::create(chunk, expr.params.len() as Argc);

        // register the function as a constant
        let fun_constant = self.insert_constant(fun)?;
        self.emit(expr_line_number(expr), Op::PushConstant(fun_constant));

        // close over the captured values
        for (depth, local) in nonlocals.values() {
            self.emit(
                expr_line_number(expr),
                Op::CloseOver {
                    depth: *depth,
                    slot: local.slot,
                },
            );
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn visit_list_expr(&mut self, expr: &ListExpr) -> Result<()> {
        let line = expr_line_number(expr);

        for expr in &expr.exprs {
            self.compile_expr(expr)?;
        }

        self.emit(line, Op::BuildList(expr.exprs.len() as ListLen));

        Ok(())
    }
}